Browse by: "2019"
Index
Title Index
Year Index
The Convention on Biological Diversity’s 15th Conference of the Parties (CBD COP15) in 2020 marks a critical juncture for one of the defining global challenges of our time: the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, which underpin nearly all of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Transformative changes are needed to ensure biodiversity conservation and sustainable use and the delivery of the ecosystem services upon which all life depends. This report sets the economic and business case for urgent and ambitious action on biodiversity. It presents a preliminary assessment of current biodiversity-related finance flows, and discusses the key data and indicator gaps that need to be addressed to underpin effective monitoring of both the pressures on biodiversity and the actions (i.e. responses) being implemented. The report concludes with ten priority areas where G7 and other countries can prioritise their efforts.
This report updates the data published in the 2015 OECD Compendium of Agri-environmental Indicators to present a summary of the environmental performance of agriculture in OECD countries as of end-2015. It also includes new and innovative material to further strengthen its relevance as a reference document. In particular, the four thematic chapters each cover a targeted set of indicators for which data coverage is generally more consistent across time in OECD countries and that capture the main pressures agriculture exerts on the environment. The thematic chapters cover the following areas: the interlinked issues of land use, pesticides and farmland birds; ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions, the main air pollutants from agricultural activities; nitrogen and phosphorus balances, two indicators that signal air and water pollution; and water use and irrigation in agriculture.
经合组织 - 粮农组织第十六次联合版发布的《农业展望》提供了主要农产品、生物燃料和渔类的市场预测，以及拉丁美洲和加勒比地区面临的前景与挑战的特别章节。
在农产品供给强劲延续了几年后，大多数农产品国际价格有所下降。对于本展望中涵盖的几乎所有产品，由于生产率的增长持续高于需求增长，预计未来十年实际价格将保持或低于当前水平。国际贸易对越来越多的粮食进口国的粮食安全至关重要，也将成为出口地区的重要收入和生计来源，特别是拉丁美洲和加勒比地区，预计该区域将进一步增加其在全球农产品出口中的份额。
统计附件中预测结果和过去的趋势可以在http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-outl-data-en上查询。
This report calls for a better understanding of the effects of pharmaceutical residues in the environment, greater international collaboration and accountability distribution, and policy actions to prevent and remedy emerging concerns. Laboratory and field tests show traces of oral contraceptives causing the feminisation of fish and amphibians, and residues of psychiatric drugs altering fish behaviour. Antimicrobial resistance, linked to the overuse of antibiotics, has rapidly escalated into a global health crisis.
Unless adequate measures are taken to manage the risks, pharmaceutical residues will increasingly be released into the environment as ageing populations, advances in healthcare, and intensification of meat and fish production spur the demand for pharmaceuticals worldwide. The report outlines a collective, life-cycle approach to managing pharmaceuticals in the environment. A policy mix of source-directed, use-orientated and end-of-pipe measures, involving several policy sectors, can help to improve health and protect the environment.
This volume compiles the consensus documents developed by the OECD Working Group for the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds from 2015 to 2019. It deals with the composition of common bean, rice, cowpea and apple, four important crops for agriculture and food consumption worldwide. The science-based information collated here is intended for use during the regulatory assessment of food/feed products derived from modern biotechnology, i.e. issued from transgenic plants. Compositional considerations are provided for each species, including tables detailing the key nutrients, anti-nutrients, possible toxicants, allergens and other metabolites contained in the products. This essential information and solid data can be used in the comparative approach as part of the novel food/feed safety assessment. It should be of value to crop breeders and applicants for commercial uses of novel foods and feeds, to regulators and risk assessors in national authorities, as well as the wider scientific community. More information can be found at BioTrack Online.
Le Prospettive agricole 2019-2028 sono il frutto dell’azione collaborativa tra l’Organizzazione per la Cooperazione e lo Sviluppo Economici (OCSE) e l’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l’Alimentazione e l’Agricoltura (FAO). Le Prospettive riuniscono le competenze di entrambe le Organizzazioni in materia di prodotti di base, politiche pubbliche e Paesi, nonché gli input dei Paesi membri che collaborano per fornire un esame annuale delle Prospettive dei mercati nazionali, regionali e globali dei prodotti agricoli di base per il prossimo decennio.
Il Capitolo Speciale dell’edizione di quest’anno si concentrerà sullo sviluppo agricolo dell’America Latina.
Agriculture, with its growing contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions and opportunities to mitigate emissions, can help close the gap between existing global mitigation efforts and those that are needed to keep global warming to between 1.5 °C and 2 °C by the end of the century. Global scale and farm scale analyses are used to evaluate both the effectiveness of different policy options to reduce agricultural emissions, and the impact on competitiveness, farm income, food security, and government finances. In order to contribute to global mitigation efforts, countries will need to design agricultural policy measures that can navigate these trade-offs within the context of their national policy priorities and objectives. As most countries have not yet implemented policies to reduce emissions from agriculture, the analyses provided here come at an opportune time to inform this policy development.
Almost one in four people in OECD countries is currently obese. This epidemic has far-reaching consequences for individuals, society and the economy. Using microsimulation modelling, this book analyses the burden of obesity and overweight in 52 countries (including OECD, European Union and G20 countries), showing how overweight reduces life expectancy, increases healthcare costs, decreases workers' productivity and lowers GDP. The report makes the urgent economic case to scale up investments in policies to promote healthy lifestyles and tackle this growing global public health problem. The book evaluates a number of policies which could significantly improve health outcomes while being an excellent investment for countries.
Markets that function well within a stable regulatory and policy environment are key to improving the productivity and sustainability of the food and agriculture sector. This report contains the main findings and policy lessons gained from a series of wide-ranging country reviews on how government policies can improve sectoral productivity and sustainability through their impact on innovation, structural change, natural resource use, and climate change. Improving the policy environment would require rolling back those policies that distort markets the most and retain farmers in uncompetitive and low-income activities, harm the environment, stifle innovation, slow structural and generational change, and weaken resilience.
Agriculture policy should focus instead on measures that facilitate the uptake of technologies and practices that use resources more efficiently and sustainably, and which contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Of equal importance are: a more collaborative approach, more effective governance systems, the development of long-term strategies, strengthened linkages between national and international actors, and comprehensive and coherent evaluation procedures. Public funding of food and agricultural research is also crucial, and private efforts need to be strengthened, including through public-private partnerships. Finally, improving overall policy coherence would contribute to building trust, and to increasing policy effectiveness at each step of the food and agriculture chain.
Des marchés qui fonctionnent bien dans un environnement réglementaire et de politique publique stable sont essentiels pour améliorer la productivité et la durabilité du secteur alimentaire et agricole. Cela permettrait au secteur de répondre à la demande croissante d'aliments sains, sûrs et nutritifs sans endommager les ressources naturelles, ainsi que de faire face aux défis croissants imposés par le changement climatique. Le présent rapport contient les principales conclusions et leçons tirées d’une série d’examens par pays sur la manière dont les politiques publiques peuvent améliorer la productivité et la durabilité sectorielles grâce à leurs effets sur l’innovation, les changements structurels, l’utilisation des ressources naturelles et le changement climatique. Pour améliorer l'environnement de l’action publique, il faudrait supprimer les politiques qui faussent le plus les marchés et retiennent les agriculteurs dans des activités peu compétitives et à faible revenu, nuisent à l'environnement, freinent l'innovation, ralentissent les changements structurels et générationnels et affaiblissent la capacité de résilience.
La politique agricole devrait plutôt s’orienter vers des mesures facilitant l'adoption de technologies et de pratiques qui utilisent les ressources de manière plus efficace et durable, et qui contribuent à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Comme indiqué dans toutes les revues, il est important que les systèmes d'innovation agricole soient davantage collaboratifs et répondent mieux aux besoins réels. Cela nécessite souvent des systèmes de gouvernance plus efficaces, incluant l'élaboration de stratégies à long terme, le renforcement des liens entre les acteurs nationaux et internationaux et la mise au point de procédures d'évaluation complètes et cohérentes. Le financement public de la recherche alimentaire et agricole est crucial et les efforts du secteur privé doivent être renforcés, notamment par le biais de partenariats public-privé. Les systèmes de conseil et de vulgarisation agricoles doivent inclure des prestataires publics et privés compétitifs qui répondent à l’ensemble des besoins. Enfin, l'amélioration de la cohérence globale des politiques contribuerait à renforcer la confiance et à accroître l'efficacité des politiques à chaque étape de la chaîne alimentaire et agricole.
Recent digital innovations provide opportunities to deliver better policies for the agriculture sector by helping to overcome information gaps and asymmetries, lower policy-related transaction costs, and enable people with different preferences and incentives to work better together. Drawing on ten illustrative case studies and unique new data gathered via an OECD questionnaire on agri-environmental policy organisations' experiences with digital tools, this report explores opportunities to improve current agricultural and agri-environmental policies, and to deliver new, digitally enabled and information-rich policy approaches. It also considers challenges that organisations may face to make greater use of digital tools for policy, as well as new risks which increased use of digital tools may bring. The report provides practical advice on how policy makers can address challenges and mitigate risks to ensure digital opportunities for policy are realised in practice. Finally, the report briefly considers the broader regulatory and policy environment underpinning digitalisation of the agriculture sector, with the view to ensuring that use of digital tools for agricultural and agri-environmental policy remains coherent with the digitalisation of agriculture more generally.
En la decimoquinta edición conjunta de la obra OCDE-FAO Perspectivas Agrícolas se presentan proyecciones de mercado para los principales productos básicos agrícolas, los biocombustibles y el pescado. Asimismo, se incluye una sección especial sobre las perspectivas y los retos planteados por la agricultura y la pesca en la región de América Latina y el Caribe.
Debido a la sólida oferta sostenida durante varios años, los precios internacionales de la mayoría de los productos básicos agrícolas disminuyeron. En lo que respecta a casi todos los productos básicos cubiertos en las Perspectivas, se prevé que durante la próxima década los precios reales se mantendrán en los niveles actuales o por debajo de ellos, a medida que las mejoras en productividad continúen superando el crecimiento de la demanda. El comercio internacional será esencial para la seguridad alimentaria en un número cada vez mayor de países importadores de alimentos. También constituirá una fuente importante de ingresos y medios de subsistencia en regiones exportadoras, en especial América Latina y el Caribe, la cual, según las proyecciones, incrementará aún más su participación en las exportaciones agrícolas mundiales.
This brochure is published within the framework of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables established by OECD in 1962. It comprises explanatory notes and high quality photographs to facilitate the uniform interpretation of the Chicory standard. It is thus a valuable tool for the inspection authorities, professional bodies and traders interested in international trade of Chicory.
As the world's premier forum for international economic co-operation, the G20 plays a critical role in helping to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Based on robust evidence and available data, this report examines how the G20's contributions to the global goals across key sectors are already making a difference, while also suggesting where it could go further in leading by example to support the global goals.
Collectively, G20 members account for around 85% of global gross domestic product, 75% of world trade and 80% of global carbon dioxide emissions – to name just a few areas of the G20's influence. This report, commissioned by the Government of Japan in support of its 2019 G20 Presidency, takes stock of the G20's progress to date against its Action Plan on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
This report, prepared by FAO and the OECD with inputs from ERIA, IFPRI, IFAD, and WTO, has been submitted to the G20 Presidency of Japan in response to the Presidency’s request
for background notes on Sustainable, Productive and Resilient Agro-Food Systems: value chains, human capital, and the 2030 Agenda.
Ce rapport annuel suit et évalue l’évolution des politiques agricoles à travers les six continents et inclut tous les 36 pays de l’OCDE, les cinq états de l’Union européenne qui ne sont pas membres de l’OCDE, et 12 économies émergentes. Ce rapport annuel est une source unique d’information sur le soutien actuel à l’agriculture et utilise un système cohérent de mesure et de classification du soutien agricole – les estimations du soutien aux producteurs et aux consommateurs (ESP et ESC), l’estimation au soutien aux services d’intérêt général (ESSG), et les indicateurs connexes – qui offrent une bonne compréhension des politiques agricoles dont la complexité va croissant et servent de base à leur suivi et à leur évaluation. La version complète des chapitres par pays ainsi que l’annexe statistique, qui contient des tableaux détaillés des indicateurs de soutien à l’agriculture ne sont disponibles que sous leur forme électronique sur le site des publications.
Les Perspectives agricoles 2019-2028 sont le fruit de la collaboration entre l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) et l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO). Les deux organisations mettent en commun leurs connaissances spécialisées sur les produits, les politiques et les pays, ainsi que les informations fournies par leurs pays membres afin de produire tous les ans une analyse des perspectives des marchés nationaux, régionaux et mondiaux des produits agricoles de base pour la décennie à venir.
Le chapitre spéciale pour cette édition sera dédié aux développements agricoles en Amérique latine.
The Agricultural Outlook 2019-2028 is a collaborative effort of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. It brings together the commodity, policy and country expertise of both organisations as well as input from collaborating member countries to provide an annual assessment of the prospects for the coming decade of national, regional and global agricultural commodity markets.
This year's Special Feature will focus on agricultural development in Latin America.
This annual report monitors and evaluates agricultural policies spanning all 6 continents, including the 36 OECD countries, the 5 non-OECD EU Member States, and 12 emerging economies. It is a unique source of up-to date estimates of support to agriculture using a comprehensive system of measuring and classifying support to agriculture – the Producer and Consumer Support Estimates (PSEs and CSEs), the General Services Support Estimate (GSSE) and related indicators – which provide insight into the increasingly complex nature of agricultural policy and serve as a basis for OECD’s agricultural policy monitoring and evaluation. Comprehensive country chapters and the Statistical Annex containing detailed background tables with indicators of agricultural support are available in electronic form at the publication website.
This report uses the OECD Principles on Water Governance as a tool for multi-stakeholder policy dialogue and practical assessment of the performance of flood governance systems. It applies the Principles to flood-prone contexts to help strengthen governance frameworks for managing the risks of “too much” water. By 2050, 1.6 billion people will be at risk of flooding, affecting nearly 20% of the world’s population at an increasing rate and many times over with dire social, economic and environmental consequences. In this report, a checklist is proposed as a self-assessment tool for stakeholders in flood management, based on lessons learned from 27 case studies that feature practical experiences and highlight common features and key challenges in flood governance.