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This document is the peer review report of the National Contact Point (NCP) of Estonia. The objectives of NCP peer reviews are to assess that the NCP is functioning and operating in accordance with the core effectiveness criteria set out in the implementation procedures; to identify the NCP’s strengths and possibilities for improvement; to make recommendations for improvement; and to serve as a learning tool for all NCPs involved. The peer review of the NCP of Estonia was conducted by a team of reviewers from the NCPs of Argentina, Canada, and Israel, along with representatives of the OECD Secretariat.
Governments adhering to the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises are required to set up a National Contact Point (NCP) that functions in a visible, accessible, transparent and accountable manner. This report contains a peer review of the Hungarian NCP, mapping its strengths and accomplishments and also identifying opportunities for improvement.
This document is the peer review report of the National Contact Point (NCP) of Kazakhstan. The objectives of NCP peer reviews are to assess that the NCP is functioning and operating in accordance with the core effectiveness criteria set out in the implementation procedures; to identify the NCP’s strengths and possibilities for improvement; to make recommendations for improvement; and to serve as a learning tool for all NCPs involved. The peer review of the NCP of Kazakhstan was conducted by a team of reviewers from the NCPs of Egypt, France, and Korea, along with representatives of the OECD Secretariat.
This document is the peer review report of the National Contact Point (NCP) of Poland. The objectives of NCP peer reviews are to assess that the NCP is functioning and operating in accordance with the core effectiveness criteria set out in the implementation procedures; to identify the NCP’s strengths and possibilities for improvement; to make recommendations for improvement; and to serve as a learning tool for all NCPs involved. The peer review of the NCP of Poland was conducted by a team of reviewers from the NCPs of Bulgaria, Germany, the United States, and Ukraine as observer, along with representatives of the OECD Secretariat.
This document is the peer review report of the National Contact Point (NCP) of Türkiye. The objectives of NCP peer reviews are to assess that the NCP is functioning and operating in accordance with the core effectiveness criteria set out in the implementation procedures; to identify the NCP’s strengths and possibilities for improvement; to make recommendations for improvement; and to serve as a learning tool for all NCPs involved. The peer review of the NCP of Türkiye was conducted by a team of reviewers from the NCPs of Luxembourg and Peru, along with representatives of the OECD Secretariat.
OECD member and other countries adhering to the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises have declared that enterprises from adhering countries should be accorded National Treatment in their territory. This means that, in like situations, enterprises controlled by nationals of another adhering country should be treated by the host government no less favourably than domestic enterprises. This publication describes the main features of the OECD National Treatment instrument and contains a complete survey of adhering governments' measures relating to National Treatment.
Bank lending is the most common source of external finance for many SMEs and entrepreneurs, yet has proven challenging to newer, innovative and fast growing companies, as well as to those undertaking important transitions in their activities or seeking to de-leverage and improve their capital structures.
This report maps a broad range of external financing techniques to address diverse needs in varying circumstances, including asset-based finance, alternative debt, hybrid instruments, and equity instruments. It further highlights key enabling factors for their development, discusses major market trends and obstacles to SME uptake, and suggests some key areas of policy action to overcome challenges to market development.
The OECD Global Forum on International Investment, at its inaugural meeting in Mexico City in November 2001, provided a unique platform for participants originating from OECD and non-OECD economies, representing academia, business and labour, and civil society to address the challenges posed by FDI. These selected conference papers add to the existing literature on FDI. They highlight the principal conclusions, include analyses of recent FDI trends and prospects, and discuss ways of maximising the benefits of FDI for development. The papers also examine lessons learned in OECD and non-OECD economies, governments’ responsibilities in FDI policies, corporate responsibility initiatives and the role of multilateral organisations in capacity building for FDI in host countries.
Why has the OECD, along with other members of the international community, mobilised to fight corruption? The answer is simple: corruption respects no borders, knows no economic distinctions and infects all forms of government. In the long run, no country can afford the social, political or economic costs that corruption entails. Not so long ago, bribing public officials in foreign countries to obtain business deals was, if not an acceptable, at least a tolerated business practice in many OECD countries. Today, corruption has moved to the top of the global political agenda as its dramatic impact on economic development and its corrosive effect on political stability and democratic political institutions has become increasingly obvious.
In the new millennium, the OECD and associated governments, which account for over 75% of trade and investment world-wide, will play by stricter rules. The Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions will outlaw the practice of bribing foreign officials, making competition for international business much more fair and open.
Bribery in commercial transactions is only part of the problem. A whole arsenal of legal instruments to combat corruption have now been developed to improve ethical standards in the public sector, to end tax deductibility for bribes, to curtail money laundering, and to clean up public procurement practices. The private sector and civil society will continue to play a critical role in making these new rules a reality.
This book provides the key elements needed to build and preserve corruption-free institutions, systems, and private enterprises.